Methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to encode auxiliary data into text data and methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to obtain encoded data from text data

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to encode auxiliary data into text data and methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to obtain encoded data from text data are disclosed. An example method includes detecting, using a processor, a first symbol present in first text data, the first symbol including a white space character; mapping the first symbol to first data using the processor; detecting, using the processor, a second symbol present in the first text data by detecting a white space character or a flow control character; mapping, using the processor, the second symbol to a first bit position of the first data in encoded data; and determining the encoded data, using the processor, based on placing the first data in the first bit position.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application arises from a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/691,522, filed Nov. 30, 2012. The entirety of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/691,522 is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to data encoding, and, moreparticularly, to methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture forencoding auxiliary information in text data and to methods, apparatus,and articles of manufacture for obtaining encoded auxiliary informationfrom text data.

BACKGROUND

Proprietary data is sometimes shared between two parties. In some cases,the proprietary data owned by one party is easily copied or distributedby the other party to additional parties without consent of the owner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example system in accordance with theteachings of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of an example auxiliary dataencoder to implement the system of FIG. 1 in accordance with theteachings of this disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of an example auxiliary datadecoder to implement the system of FIG. 1 in accordance with theteachings of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates example source data encoded with auxiliary data usinga first example encoding method to generate encoded data in accordancewith the teachings of this disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates example source data encoded with auxiliary data usinga second example encoding method to generate encoded data in accordancewith the teachings of this disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates example source data encoded with auxiliary data usinga third example encoding method to generate encoded data in accordancewith the teachings of this disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions which may be executed to implement the auxiliary dataencoder of FIG. 2 to encode auxiliary data into text data.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 800 which may be executed to implement the auxiliary dataencoder of FIG. 2 to encode auxiliary data into text data.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions which may be executed to implement the auxiliary datadecoder of FIG. 3 to obtain auxiliary data encoded into text data

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example processor platform capable ofexecuting the instructions of FIGS. 7-9 to implement the apparatus ofFIGS. 2 and/or 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Data (whether copyrighted or not) can be distributed. However, oncedistributed a first time, the data is capable of being furtherdistributed. Example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacturedisclosed herein enable an owner of data to uniquely identify, protect,and trace the data to detect cases of unauthorized copying orredistribution by embedding auxiliary data, also referred to herein aswatermarks, in the data. In particular, example methods, apparatus, andarticles of manufacture embed watermarks in the data in a robust manner,such that the watermark can still be recovered if a portion of the datais copied and/or if the data is reorganized.

Known text watermarking techniques allow embedding of information insideplain text. Some such techniques change font attributes (e.g., colorand/or size), use misspelled words, rephrase text (e.g., using synonymsand narration tense), use ASCII whitespaces and tabs, use Unicode zerowidth characters, and/or use neuro-linguistic programming techniques.These known approaches are not well-suited for text data such asreference data including multiple, relatively small units of text data(e.g., 50 characters or less), because known techniques require a biggercorpus in order to encode the watermark data and/or these techniquesnegatively affect the quality of the protected data. Example methods,apparatus, and articles of manufacture disclosed herein provide aninnovative approach for embedding watermarks inside alphanumeric data.Example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture disclosed hereinmay be used to robustly encode a watermark or other auxiliary data intotext data or textual data. Some such example methods, apparatus, andarticles of manufacture encode the watermark information intoalphanumerical strings organized as words separated by white spaces.

Some example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture disclosedherein encode a single bit of information per white space by selectivelyreplacing white spaces with a different white space character. Someexample methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture achieve higherencoding bit rates per white space by selecting sets of charactercombinations that represent similar or identical visual widths. Examplehigher bit rates can vary from 2 bits per white space and can go as highas 12 or more bits per white space.

For example, 4 bytes (i.e., 32 bits) of data can be encoded into a setof data units by encoding all 32 bits into one or more data units,encoding 8 bits of data and 2 bits for position data into each of 4different strings, and/or by encoding 2 bits of data and 4 bits ofposition data into each of 16 different strings. Other divisions of thedata may additionally or alternatively be used. In some examples,different amounts of data are encoded differently into different dataunits based on the number of white spaces in the data unit.

Example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture disclosed hereinencode auxiliary data into text data by replacing white space charactersin the text data with combinations of one or more non-zero-width whitespace characters, zero-width characters, and/or flow control characters.Such example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture generateencoded text data that appear to be visually similar or identical to thesource text data.

By encoding data and/or position data independently into each data unitof the text data, encoding carried out using the example methods,apparatus, and articles of manufacture disclosed herein is highlyresilient against data shuffling, reordering and/or partial deletion ofthe data because the data units are independent and the data may beredundantly encoded into the source data. Example methods, apparatus,and articles of manufacture enable watermarking using relatively fewprocessing resources.

In some examples, the encoding is robust because the auxiliary data canbe recovered from a subset of the data set as long as the subsetincludes at least one data unit for each bit position in the originalauxiliary data. In some examples, each bit of the auxiliary data isrepresented by multiple data units to increase the robustness of theencoding.

As used herein, the term “symbol,” as it pertains to encoding, refers toany unit of data used to represent information. Example symbols mayinclude combinations of bits, bytes, decimal numbers, characterencodings such as Unicode or ASCII characters, and/or any other unit ofdata. The definitions of some types of symbols, such as bytes andcharacters, may overlap. Such symbols may be considered to be any or allsuch overlapping types of data, and the term symbol is intended to beinclusive. The term “character,” as used herein, refers to anyalphanumeric symbol (e.g., letter or number), white space, and/ornon-alphanumeric symbol (e.g., dots, boxes, arrows, etc.) that may berepresented by a data encoding such as ASCII and/or Unicode, or to theencoding representation of such symbols and/or white spaces.

A disclosed example method to encode auxiliary data into text dataincludes selecting a portion of auxiliary data to be encoded into textdata, mapping the portion of auxiliary data to a first set of one ormore encoded characters representative of the portion of the auxiliarydata, mapping a position of the portion of auxiliary data within theauxiliary data to a second set of one or more encoded charactersrepresentative of the portion of the auxiliary data, and generatingencoded data by including the first set of encoded characters and thesecond set of encoded characters in the text data.

Another example method to encode auxiliary data into text data includesdetermining a number of white space characters in text data to beencoded with auxiliary data, mapping auxiliary data to a first set ofmultiple encoded characters representative of the auxiliary data basedon the number of white space characters, and generating encoded data byincluding the first set of encoded characters in the text data.

An example method to obtain auxiliary information from text dataincludes detecting a first symbol, including a white space character,present in first text data, mapping the first symbol to first data,detecting a second symbol present in the first text data, mapping thesecond symbol to a first bit position of the first data in encoded data,and determining the encoded data based on placing the first data in thefirst bit position.

An example apparatus to encode auxiliary data into text data includes adata character selector, a position character selector, and a data unitencoder. The example data character selector selects a portion ofauxiliary data to be encoded into text data and to map the portion ofauxiliary data to a first set of one or more encoded charactersrepresentative of the portion of the auxiliary data. The exampleposition character selector maps a position of the portion of auxiliarydata within the auxiliary data to a second set of one or more encodedcharacters representative of the portion of the auxiliary data. Theexample data unit encoder generates encoded data by including the firstset of encoded characters and the second set of encoded characters inthe text data.

An example apparatus to obtain auxiliary data from text data includes adata character extractor, a position character extractor, and anauxiliary data assembler. The data character extractor detects a firstsymbol, including a white space character, present in first text dataand to map the first symbol to first data. The position characterextractor detects a second symbol present in the first text data and tomap the second symbol to a first bit position of the first data inencoded data. The auxiliary data assembler determines the encoded databased on placing the first data in the first bit position.

Example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture enable contentowners to secure the distributed content, prevent unauthorized usage ofthe data, and/or provide the means to combat copyright infringement.Example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture can be used, forexample, to embed a watermark into all distributed data. In the event ofunauthorized distribution, the watermark in the text data can be decodedto prove the origin of the data. Example methods, apparatus, andarticles of manufacture can also be used to embed a client specificfingerprint to personalize the copy of data. When data is found to havebeen improperly distributed, the specific fingerprint may be used toidentify a party who was in possession of the data prior to the improperdistribution.

Some programs are capable of visually displaying characters in the textdata, and thus the symbols and/or characters encoded in text data arenot necessarily invisible under all circumstances. However, thecharacters may be considered to be substantially invisible within thescope of this disclosure when the characters are not visible whendisplayed in at least one manner or format (e.g., in a print-typeformat, in a formatting-hidden format, etc.). Furthermore, differentencodings of characters may be slightly different. For example, a firstcharacter encoding representative of a space may be wider or narrowerthan another character encoding of a space. In other words, differentencodings of a blank or white space may result in different widths ofblank or white space when displayed by some computer programs ordevices. As used herein, two characters are considered to be similarwhen they represent the same alphanumeric character or non-alphanumericsymbol (e.g., white or blank spaces, hyphens, etc.), without regard torelative widths, heights, thicknesses, or other non-substantivedifferences.

As used herein, the term “text data” or “textual data” refers to dataencoded to represent alphanumeric characters. Example encodings ofalphanumeric characters include computer character encodings such asAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), Unicode,Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) 8859 (and parts of ISO 8859),Unicode Transformation Formats (UTF) (and its variants), and/or Windowscode pages (also referred to as ANSI code pages). Many other characterencodings exist and may be used to encode text data with auxiliary datain accordance with the teachings of this disclosure. Accordingly, theterm “text data” may refer to any past, present, and/or future characterencodings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example system 100. The example system100 of FIG. 1 may be used to encode auxiliary information (e.g.,watermarks) into text data that may subsequently be distributed. Theexample system 100 may further decode text data to recover or obtainauxiliary information encoded using the system 100. Thus, subsequent todistribution of the encoded text data, the example system 100 canidentify text data that has been encoded using the system 100.

The example system 100 of FIG. 1 includes a database 102, a data requestreceiver 104, an auxiliary data encoder 106, an auxiliary data decoder108, and an auxiliary data manager 110. In the example of FIG. 1, thedatabase 102, the data request receiver 104, the auxiliary data encoder106, the auxiliary data decoder 108, and the auxiliary data manager 110are owned or controlled by a single party (e.g., an owner or licensee ofdistributable data, a distributor of the data under the control of theowner or licensee of the data, etc.). In some other examples, thedatabase 102, the data request receiver 104, the auxiliary data encoder106, the auxiliary data decoder 108, and/or the auxiliary data manager110 may represent a combination of multiple parties. The example system100 further includes a party 112 authorized to receive data stored inthe database 102 and a party 114 not authorized to receive such data.Any or all of the example database 102, the example data requestreceiver 104, the example auxiliary data encoder 106, the exampleauxiliary data decoder 108, the auxiliary data manager 110, and/or theexample parties 112, 114 may be communicatively connected via a network116 such as the Internet.

Any of the example blocks 102-110 of FIG. 1 may be combined, divided,and/or rearranged to form different blocks that perform fewer or morefunctions.

As mentioned above, the example database 102 stores data that may bedistributed. In the example system 100, the data stored in the database(also referred to herein as “source data”) includes (or is divisibleinto) data units of text. In some examples, the text representshuman-readable information and is stored using character encodings thatcan be interpreted by a receiver of data. In addition to the numericvalue of the data unit, the data unit may include organizational data,metadata, and/or other types of non-substantive data for the purposes oforganization, relation, and/or distribution. In some examples, thenumeric value is the entirety of the data unit. Example data includes alist of text fields and associated information. The data stored in thedatabase 102 may be updated to add new data, to modify data present inthe database 102, and/or to delete data from the database 102.

The example data request receiver 104 of FIG. 1 receives requests fordata stored in the database 102. For example, the data request receiver104 may receive a request via the network (e.g., from the authorizedparty 112 and/or other parties). Additionally or alternatively, the datarequest receiver 104 may receive requests via manual entry of therequest into the data request receiver (e.g., by a person via a userinterface). The example data request receiver 104 parses the request todetermine the data that was requested to be transferred and/ordetermines whether the requesting party has authorization to receive thedata. For example, in response to a request the data request receiver104 may construct a query of the database 102 to instruct the databaseand/or the auxiliary data encoder 106 which data is to be encoded beforeit is transmitted.

The example auxiliary data encoder 106 of FIG. 1 receives the sourcedata to be encoded (e.g., as individual data units, as a set of dataunits, etc.), encodes auxiliary information into the source data, andoutputs encoded data (e.g., for distribution, for storage, etc.). A moredetailed example of the auxiliary data encoder 106 is described below inconjunction with FIG. 2.

The example auxiliary data decoder 108 of FIG. 1 obtains data in whichauxiliary information may be present (e.g., suspect data) and attemptsto extract the auxiliary information based on the method used by theauxiliary data encoder 106 to encode auxiliary data into text data. Insome examples, the auxiliary data decoder 108 attempts to extractauxiliary data from the suspect data using multiple decoding methods,each decoding method being based on a method used by the auxiliary dataencoder 106 to encode data. The auxiliary data decoder 108 may obtaindata to be decoded when, for example, the obtained data is suspected ofhaving been distributed without authorization and/or the owner or sourceof the obtained data is to be demonstrated.

The example auxiliary data manager 110 of FIG. 1 provides auxiliaryinformation to the auxiliary data encoder 106, which encodes theauxiliary information into text data. The example auxiliary data manager110 also receives extracted auxiliary information from the auxiliarydata decoder 108. The auxiliary data manager 110 compares extractedauxiliary information to auxiliary information provided to the auxiliarydata encoder 106 to determine whether a match exists between auxiliaryinformation provided to the auxiliary data encoder and auxiliaryinformation extracted by the auxiliary data decoder 108. The exampleauxiliary data manager 110 maintains (e.g., logs) a record of theparties to whom data is distributed and the auxiliary informationencoded into the data provided to the parties. Thus, the exampleauxiliary data manager 110 can determine a party to whom data includinga particular watermark was distributed. In some examples, the auxiliarydata manager 110 identifies the data as having been distributed from thedatabase 102 or otherwise encoded via the auxiliary data encoder 106when a match exists between auxiliary information provided to theauxiliary data encoder and auxiliary information extracted by theauxiliary data decoder 108.

FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of an example auxiliary dataencoder 200 to implement the system 100 of FIG. 1. The example auxiliarydata encoder 200 of FIG. 2 may implement the auxiliary data encoder 106of FIG. 1 to encode auxiliary data into source data (e.g., text data).Source data, as used herein, refers to data into which auxiliaryinformation is to be encoded. Example source data may include lists ofitems, survey data, and/or any other type of data that may berepresented by sets of text. In the example of FIG. 2, the auxiliarydata encoder 200 encodes the auxiliary information in the source data ina binary format.

The auxiliary data encoder 200 of the illustrated example includes anauxiliary data encryptor 202, a data character selector 204, a positioncharacter selector 206, a source data parser 208, and a data unitencoder 210. The example auxiliary data encryptor 202 receives orotherwise obtains auxiliary data to be encoded into source data (e.g.,from the auxiliary data manager 110 of FIG. 1). The example source dataparser 208 receives or obtains source data including text (e.g., fromthe database 102 of FIG. 1). In some examples, the source data parser208 serially receives data units and the auxiliary data encryptor 202receives a string or other data to be encoded into the source data.

The example auxiliary data encryptor 202 encrypts received auxiliarydata. Encryption may be performed using any encryption method. In someexamples, the auxiliary data encryptor 202 receives a key to be used forencrypting the auxiliary data. By encrypting auxiliary data, the exampleauxiliary data encryptor makes the auxiliary data more difficult todetect in the encoded data relative to unencrypted auxiliary data.

The auxiliary data encryptor 202 provides the encrypted data to the datacharacter selector 204 and to the position character selector 206. Theexample data character selector 204 of FIG. 2 selects all or a portionof the encrypted auxiliary data to be represented in a data unit. Basedon the data to be represented, the example data character selector 204selects a set of encoded characters (e.g., Unicode characters). The setsof encoded characters from which the data character selector 204 selectsmay be received from the example auxiliary data manager 110. Forexample, the data character selector 204 may select a symbol comprisedof one or more Unicode characters from one of multiple sets of Unicodecharacters. The selected set of Unicode characters may be based on adesired data rate for the data unit and/or a potential for deletion ordiscovery of the encoded data in the data unit. Additionally, the symbolis selected to represent the data to be represented. Examples ofselection of the set of encoded characters and the symbol are describedin more detail below.

Table 1 illustrates example Unicode characters from which the sets ofcharacters and/or symbols may be selected or formed.

TABLE 1 | | U + 200A 1/18 HAIR SPACE RegEx |  | U + 2009 ⅙ THIN SPACERegEx |  | U + 2006 ⅙ SIX-PER-EM SPACE (1) RegEx |  | U + 202F ⅕ NARROWNO-BREAK RegEx SPACE |   | U + 2008 ⅕ PUNCTUATION SPACE RegEx |  | U +205F 4/18 MEDIUM MATH SPACE RegEx |   | U + 2005 ¼ FOUR-PER-EM SPACE (2)Yes Word |   | U + 00A0 ¼ NO-BREAK SPACE (2) Yes Word |   | U + 0020 ¼NORMAL SPACE (2) Yes Word |    | U + 2004 ⅓ THREE-PER-EM (1) RegEx SPACE|     | U + 2000 ½ EN QUAD (1) RegEx |     | U + 2007 ½ FIGURE SPACERegEx |     | U + 2002 ½ EN SPACE (1) Yes RegEx || U + 200B 0 ZERO WIDTHSPACE (3) Yes || U + FEFF 0 ZERO WIDTH NO- (3) Yes BREAK SPACE || U +200E 0 LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK || U + 202A 0 LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING || U +202D 0 LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE || U + 202C 0 POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING|| U + 200F 0 RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK

In Table 1, the first column illustrates the widths of each of the spacecharacter encodings (e.g., when decoded by a processor and displayed viaan output device). The second column includes the Unicode encodings ofthe spaces, the third column includes the width of the spaces in unitsof em, and the fourth column provides the name of the space. Intypography, an “em” refers to the width of a capital letter “M” for agiven typefont.

The fifth column in Table 1 indicates whether each space is convertedinto a different white space character when copied and pasted from aUnicode editor application (e.g., an application that can decode and/ormanipulate Unicode characters) to a non-Unicode application (e.g., anapplication that does not manipulate Unicode characters, but may decodethe Unicode characters and/or transform Unicode characters into asimilar or equivalent character in another format). The numeral (1)indicates that the characters are converted into white spaces of anotherformat (e.g., ANSI format, ASCII format, etc.). The numeral (2)indicates that the characters are converted to white spaces in certainUnicode applications as well as non-Unicode applications. The numeral(3) indicates that the character is eliminated when copied and pasted toanother application. Those characters with no numeral in the fifthcolumn indicate that the Unicode characters are retained in Unicodeformat when copied and pasted, and may be displayed in non-Unicodeapplications as non-white space characters such as a box or questionmark. This conversion may result in undesired discovery and/orelimination of the watermark from the data.

The sixth column of Table 1 indicates whether the Unicode characters aredisplayed in Microsoft® Word word processing application when the optionto display formatting and/or hidden characters is enabled.

The seventh and rightmost column of Table 1 indicates whether theUnicode spaces are searchable, and in what ways. The characters marked“RegEx” are searchable as regular expressions, in which the charactersare recognized as generic white spaces. The characters marked “Word” aresearchable as regular expressions and in the Microsoft Word wordprocessing application. Thus, data that includes Unicode characters maystill be searched (e.g., text searched) using search queries includinggeneric white spaces.

The example position character selector 206 of FIG. 2 receives the datafrom the auxiliary data encryptor 202 and the selection of the data tobe represented and/or the selected set of Unicode characters by the datacharacter selector 204. The example position character selector 206determines a position of the selected data to be represented within theencrypted data. For example, if the data character selector 204 selectsthe most significant 8 bits out of encrypted data totaling 32 bits, theposition character selector 206 selects a symbol (e.g., the binarynumber ‘11’) to represent the most significant 8 bits. The position maybe expressed using any method, such as expressing a location within theencrypted data of the most significant bit of the data to berepresented, a range of bits in the encrypted data, or a location withinthe encrypted data of the least significant bit, and/or any other methodof expressing the selected data. In some examples in which the datacharacter selector 204 selects the entirety of the encrypted data, theexample position character selector 206 may be omitted or bypassed.

The example source data parser 208 of FIG. 2 receives the source data(e.g., data units) including text. In some examples, the source dataparser 208 generates data units from text. Generating the data unitsfrom the text may be performed using any method, such as dividing thetext into an arbitrary number of words and/or dividing the text by anarbitrary delimiter. In some examples, the source data parser 208determines a number of designated characters in the source data. In somesuch examples, data units having different numbers of the designatedcharacters are assigned to different sets of groups corresponding todifferent symbols (e.g., to implement variable bit rate encoding in thesource data).

The example source data parser 208 further determines a number of whitespaces (or other designated character) within each data unit. Based onthe number of white spaces, the source data parser 208 may provide tothe data character selector 204 an upper amount of data that may beencoded into the data unit. The example data character selector 204 usesthe upper amount of data when selecting the set of characters torepresent the encrypted auxiliary data.

The example data unit encoder 210 of FIG. 2 generates encoded data unitsby including in the text data the selected symbol(s) to represent theselected data and/or to represent the position of the selected data inthe encrypted data. Examples of including the symbols in text data aredescribed below. In some examples, the data unit encoder 210 of FIG. 2replaces white space(s) present in the source text data with the symbolsto generate encoded data that is visually substantially identical to thesource text data (e.g., when decoded by a processor and an appropriateapplication and displayed via an output device such as a monitor). Thedata unit encoder 210 outputs the encoded data (e.g., to a requestingparty, to be stored, etc.).

While the example auxiliary data encoder 200 of FIG. 2 includes theauxiliary data encryptor 202, other auxiliary data encoders 200 omit theauxiliary data encryptor 202 and encode unencrypted auxiliary data intothe source data. In such examples, the data character selector 204 andthe position character selector 206 receive the auxiliary data.

FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of an example auxiliary datadecoder 300 to implement the system 100 of FIG. 1. The example auxiliarydata decoder 300 of FIG. 3 may implement the auxiliary data decoder 108of FIG. 1 to extract or decode auxiliary data from encoded dataincluding text. The auxiliary data decoder 300 of the illustratedexample includes an encoded data parser 302, a data character extractor304, a position character extractor 306, an auxiliary data assembler308, and an auxiliary data decryptor 310.

The example encoded data parser 302 of FIG. 3 obtains encoded data (ordata suspected of containing encoded auxiliary data). For example, a setor subset of numeric data (e.g., measurement data) that is suspected (orknown) to have been owned or sourced by a first party is found in thepossession of another party not authorized to possess the data. In someexamples, the encoded data parser 302 generates data units from thesource data, while in other examples the encoded data parser 302receives or obtains the encoded data as data units. In some examples,the encoded data parser 302 counts a number of visual white spaces(e.g., sequences of one or more white space characters) appearing as asingle contiguous space between two non-white-space characters presentin each encoded data unit.

The example encoded data parser 302 provides the data units to the datacharacter extractor 304 and to the position character extractor 306. Inexamples in which the encoded data parser 302 counts the number ofvisual white spaces, the encoded data parser 302 also provides the countand/or an encoding bit rate determined based on the count. The exampledata character extractor 304 determines the symbols (e.g., the encodingsof the white space characters) in the data units. For example, the datacharacter extractor 304 determines the types of Unicode characterspresent in each visual white space of a data unit. In the example ofFIG. 3, the data character extractor 304 determines the white spacecharacters for a number of visual white spaces based on a bit ratedetermined from a total number of visual white spaces in the data unit.

The example position character extractor 306 determines the white spacecharacters for a number of visual white spaces based on the bit rate. Insome examples, the characters extracted by the position characterextractor 306 represent different white spaces in the data unit than thecharacters extracted by the data character extractor 304.

The example data character extractor 304 decodes the extractedcharacters to obtain all or a portion of the auxiliary data encoded inthe encoded data units. Similarly, the position character extractor 306decodes the extracted characters to obtain a position of the portionextracted by the data character extractor 304 in auxiliary data. Thedata character extractor 304 and the position character extractor 306may decode the extracted characters based on a mapping of character(s)to symbols and/or bits.

The data character extractor 304 provides the decoded data to theexample auxiliary data assembler 308 of FIG. 3. Similarly, the positioncharacter extractor 306 provides the decoded position data to theauxiliary data assembler 308. Using the decoded data and/or the decodedposition, the example auxiliary data assembler 308 determines all or aportion of the auxiliary data present in the encoded data. In someexamples, only a portion of the auxiliary data is encoded in a dataunit. Using the position data, the auxiliary data assembler 308determines the portion of the auxiliary data represented by the decodeddata received from the data character extractor 304.

In some other examples, the data extracted and decoded by the datacharacter extractor 304 represents all of the auxiliary data encodedinto the encoded data unit. In such examples, the position characterextractor 306 and/or the auxiliary data assembler 308 may be omitted andthe data character extractor 304 provides the decoded data to theauxiliary data decryptor 310 and/or outputs the auxiliary data if nodecryption is necessary.

The example auxiliary data assembler 308 provides the assembledauxiliary data to the auxiliary data decryptor 310. The exampleauxiliary data decryptor 310 decrypts the assembled auxiliary data toobtain decrypted auxiliary data (e.g., the original auxiliary data to beencoded in the source data). The example auxiliary data decryptor 310outputs the decrypted auxiliary data (e.g., to the auxiliary datamanager 110 of FIG. 1). The decrypted auxiliary data may then be used tocompare to previously-encoded auxiliary data and/or read to obtaininformation encoded as auxiliary data.

FIG. 4 illustrates example source data 402, 404, 406 encoded withauxiliary data 408 using a first example encoding method to generateencoded data 410, 412, 414. In the first example encoding methodillustrated in FIG. 4, a symbol representing a single bit is encodedinto each white space of the encoded data 410-414. In the example ofFIG. 4, the watermark 408 is a 32-bit code, such as the ASCII binaryrepresentation of the characters “NLSN,” to be inserted into respectivesource data units 402-406 to form the encoded data units 410-414.

To encode the first example source data unit 402, the source data parser208 of FIG. 2 determines a number of white spaces 420 (e.g., normalspaces, or U+0020 characters), including the spaces 420, 428, in thedata unit 402. The visual white spaces 420 of FIG. 4 are shown as “_”characters to illustrate their existence, but would generally bedisplayed as unoccupied spaces. The example source data unit 402includes 11 white spaces 420. The source data parser 208 provides thesource data unit 402 and the count of white spaces (e.g., 11) to thedata character selector 204 and the position character selector 206 ofFIG. 2.

Based on the count and the number of bits of the auxiliary data, theexample data character selector 204 and the position character selector206 determine that 8 bits of data and 2 position bits are to be encodedinto the source data unit 402. The example data character selector 204selects the most significant bits 422 of the watermark 408 to beencoded, and the position character selector 206 determines that theposition data for the bits 422 is binary ‘11.’ The example datacharacter selector 204 may select the data pseudorandomly, may beprovided the data (e.g., from the auxiliary data manager 110 of FIG. 1),and/or may select the data according to pre-defined criteria. While theposition character selector 206 determines the position data for thebits 422 from the right in this example, the position character selector206 may determine the position data using any other method orconvention.

The example data character selector 204 of FIG. 2 determines a set ofUnicode characters to be used to encode the data. In the example methodof FIG. 4, the Unicode set represents a ‘0’ bit with first white spacecharacter(s) 416 (e.g., a single normal space U+0020) and represents a‘1’ bit with second white space character(s) 418 (e.g., a singleno-break space U+00A0).

The data unit encoder 210 encodes the selected data 424 and the positiondata 426 into the source data 402 to generate the encoded data 410. Inthe example of FIG. 4, the data unit encoder 210 encodes the data usingthe leftmost white spaces and encodes the position data using therightmost white spaces. As a result, one unused white space is locatedbetween the white spaces used to encode the data and the white spacesused to encode the position data. To encode the data, the example dataunit encoder 210 assigns each bit of the data 422 to one of the 8leftmost white spaces (e.g., the most significant bit of the data 422being assigned to the leftmost white space and the least significant bitof the data 422 being assigned to the rightmost white space of the 8white spaces) and replaces the white spaces 420 in the source data 402with designated symbols. For example, to encode a ‘1’ bit, the exampledata unit encoder 210 replaces a corresponding white space character 428with a different white space character 430 (e.g., Unicode non-breakingspace character U+00A0). To encode a ‘0’ bit, the example data unitencoder 210 does not modify the corresponding white space characters 420(e.g., leaves the corresponding white space characters as Unicode normalspace characters U+0020). Thus, in some examples, data units and/orportions of data units may be self-encoded.

The example encoded data unit 410 appears in a word processingapplication as “Pepsi Colas—Wild Cherry Regular Caff. 12 oz. 6 ct can,”which has the same appearance as the source data 402. However, when thewhite space characters of the encoded data unit 410 are shown inparentheses, the encoded data unit 410 is encoded as “Pepsi(U+0020)Colas(U+00A0)-(U+0020)Wild(U+0020)Cherry(U+00A0)Regular(U+00A0)Caff.(U+00A0)12(U+0020)oz.(U+0020)6(U+00A0)ct(U+00A0)can.” The encoded data unit 410 isoutput by the data unit encoder 210.

The example encoding method for the encoded data 410 is ANSI-compatible,does not require a Unicode container, and enables text searching of theencoded data. However, the bit rate of the example method of FIG. 4 isrelatively low.

The data unit encoder 210 encodes another portion 432 of the auxiliarydata 408 into the source data 404 to generate encoded data 412. Theexample source data 404 includes 6 spaces. Thus, the example datacharacter selector 204 and/or the example position character selector206 determine that a symbol representing two data bits 434 and a symbolrepresenting four position data bits 436 are to be encoded in the sourcedata 404. The data bits 434 are assigned to be encoded to the 2 leftmostwhite spaces in the source data 404 and the position data bits 436 areassigned to be encoded to the 4 rightmost white spaces in the sourcedata 404.

To encode the portion 432 of the auxiliary data 408 in the source data404, the example data unit encoder 210 replaces the white spacecharacters 438, 440 assigned to ‘1’ bits with another symbol (e.g., theUnicode character U+2005) and modifies the white space characters442-448 assigned to ‘0’ bits to a second symbol (e.g., the combinationof Unicode characters U+00A0 & U+200B). The resulting encoded data 412has a visual appearance identical to that of the source data 404,because the symbols 438-448 representing the ‘0’ bits and ‘1’ bits arevisually identical (e.g., have the same width). When the white spacecharacters of the encoded data unit 412 are shown in parentheses, theencoded data unit 412 is encoded as“Sam(U+00A0)(U+200B)Nunn(U+2005)Atl(U+2005)Fed(U+00A0)(U+200B)Ctr(U+00A0)(U+200B)Fd(U+00A0)(U+200B)Ct.” The encoded data unit 412 isoutput by the data unit encoder 210.

The example symbols 468, 470 used to encode the encoded data 412 mayappear in certain Unicode applications (e.g., Microsoft Word when hiddenformatting symbols are shown) to visually indicate the ‘0’ bits and ‘1’bits. This feature can be used for debugging the example auxiliary dataencoder 106 and/or the auxiliary data decoder 108 of FIG. 1. However,use of the symbols 468, 470 may also result in the watermark being moreeasily discovered. The risk of discovery may be partially mitigatedbecause the symbols 468, 470 are converted to ordinary ASCII and/or ANSIspace characters and/or disappear when copied to non-Unicode editorapplications.

The example data unit encoder 210 encodes yet another portion 450 of theauxiliary data 408 into the source data 406 to generate encoded data414. Like the example source data 404, the source data 406 includes 6white spaces. Based on the number of white spaces in the source data404, the example data character selector 204 and/or the example positioncharacter selector 206 determine that a symbol representing two databits 452 and a symbol representing four position data bits 454 are to beencoded in the source data 406.

To encode the portion 450 of the auxiliary data 408 in the source data406, the example data unit encoder 210 replaces the white spacecharacter 456 assigned to ‘1’ bits with another symbol (e.g., thecombination of Unicode characters U+2006 and U+2004) and modifies thewhite space characters 458-466 assigned to ‘0’ bits.

The resulting encoded data 414 has a visual appearance identical to thatof the source data 406. However, the space 456 representing the ‘1’ bitis visually identical to the widths of the spaces 458-466 representingthe ‘0’ bits, because the U+2006 character is one-half of the width ofthe U+2004 character. When the white space characters of the encodeddata unit 414 are shown in parentheses, the encoded data unit 414 isencoded as“Mse(U+2004)Branded(U+2004)Foods(U+2004)Of(U+2004)Sc(U+2006)(U+2006)Air(U+2004)Ca.” The encoded data unit 414 is output by the data unitencoder 210.

The example encoding of the encoded data 412 uses symbols 470, 472 thatdo not appear as non-white space characters in some non-Unicode and/orUnicode editors (e.g., when hidden formatting symbols are shown in theMicrosoft Word application). If transferred to certain non-Unicodeeditor applications, the symbol 472 is converted to ordinary white spacecharacters, which preserves the watermark information. Thus, the exampleencoded data 414 is more resistant to discovery of the watermark thanthe example encoding of the encoded data 412.

To extract the watermark from the example encoded data 410-414, theencoded data parser 302 of FIG. 3 parses the encoded data 410-414 todetermine a number of visual white spaces (e.g., 11 spaces for theencoded data 410, 6 spaces for the encoded data 412, and 6 spaces forthe encoded data 414). Based on the number of visual white spaces, thedata character extractor 304 and the position character extractor 306extract the respective numbers of data symbols and/or position symbolsfrom the encoded data 410-414.

For example, the data character extractor 304 extracts the 8 datasymbols from the 8 leftmost white spaces of the encoded data 410, andmaps the data symbols to the bits represented by the symbols 416, 418 toobtain the encoded data. The position character extractor 306 extractsthe 2 position data symbols from the 2 rightmost white spaces of theencoded data.

The data character extractor 304 provides the extracted data to theauxiliary data assembler 308, and the position character extractor 306provides the extracted position information to the auxiliary dataassembler 308. Using the position information, the auxiliary dataassembler 308 determines that the extracted data represents the 8leftmost bits of the auxiliary data 408. The example encoded data parser302, the example data character extractor 304, the example positioncharacter extractor 306, and the example auxiliary data assembler 308repeat the process of extracting the data symbols and position symbolsand mapping the extracted symbols to bits for the encoded data 412 and414 to obtain the portions 432, 450 of the auxiliary data, and foradditional encoded data units until symbols for all of the auxiliarydata 408 have been obtained. The example auxiliary data assembler 308may verify portions of the auxiliary data 408 as encoded data unitsrepresenting the same portions of the auxiliary data 408 are decoded.When the auxiliary data 408 has been assembled and/or decrypted (asnecessary), the example auxiliary data decoder 300 outputs the extractedauxiliary data for comparison with other data and/or to read theinformation contained in the auxiliary data.

FIG. 5 illustrates example source data 502, 504, 506 encoded withauxiliary data 508 using a first example encoding method to generateencoded data 510, 512, 514. In the example of FIG. 5, a 32-bit watermark508, such as the ASCII binary representation of the characters “NLSN,”is to be inserted into respective source data units 502-506 to form theencoded data units 510-514. In contrast to the example encoding methodsof FIG. 4, the example encoding method of FIG. 5 uses a set of symbols516-522 (e.g., one or more Unicode characters) to encode informationinto the white spaces 524 of the source data units to generate encodeddata, where a symbol represents multiple bits.

Compared with the example method of FIG. 4, the example encoding methodof FIG. 5 enables a higher encoding bit rate. While less than all of theauxiliary data 408 was capable of being encoded in the encoded dataunits 410-414 using the methods of FIG. 4, the example watermark 508 maybe completely encoded into the example source data 502-506. To encode ata higher density, the example data character selector 204 of FIG. 2inserts (e.g., replaces the white space with) multiple characters perwhite space. As in the example of FIG. 4, the source data parser 208 ofFIG. 2 determines a number of white spaces for each of the source dataunits 502-506 and provides the numbers of white spaces to the datacharacter selector 204 and to the position character selector 206.

In the example of FIG. 5, the data character selector 204 selects a setof symbols representative of a wider white space than the example ofFIG. 4, such as a ½ em space width. Using a ½ em space width, theexample data character selector 204 may select from a set of foursymbols (e.g., character combinations) to encode 2 bits of data in eachvisual space (e.g., space between words). An example mapping ofcharacter combinations to the symbols 516-522 (e.g., bits) that resultin a rendering a substantially similar or identical visual space isillustrated in FIG. 5.

To encode a portion 528 of the watermark 508 in the source data 502, theexample data character selector 204 maps the portion 528 to the symbols516-522 to obtain data symbols 530. The example position characterselector 206 maps the position information to one of the two symbols516, 518 to obtain a position symbol 532. When used as the position datasymbol 532, the symbol 516 signifies that the data symbols 530 representthe leftmost 16 bits of the watermark 508 and the symbol 518 signifiesthat the data symbols 530 represent the rightmost 16 bits of thewatermark 508. However, the symbols 516, 518 may be used indicate otherportions of the watermark, such as alternating bits, inside and/oroutside bits, and/or any other portions of the watermark. In some otherexamples, the position character selector 206 may select from thesymbols 520, 522 as well as the symbols 516, 518 to enable encoding ofthe middle 16 bits, the outside 16 bits, and/or any other additionalselections of bits from the watermark 508.

The example data unit encoder 210 receives the data symbols 530 and theposition data symbols 532 and replaces the white spaces 524 in thesource data unit 502 with the corresponding symbols 530, 532 to obtainthe encoded data unit 510. The example encoded data unit 510 appears ina word processing application as “Pepsi Colas—Wild Cherry Regular Caff.12 oz. 6 ct can,” where each visual white space has a width of ½ em.However, when the data symbols 530, 532 of the encoded data unit 510 areshown in parentheses, the encoded data unit 510 is encoded as“Pepsi(U+2006)(U+2004)Colas(U+2000)-(U+2006)(U+2006)(U+2006)Wild(U+2004)(U+2006)Cherry(U+2006)(U+2004)Regular (U+2000)Caff.)-(U+2006)(U+2006)(U+2006)12(U+2000)oz(U+2000)6(U+2000)ct(U+2000)can.” The encoded data unit 510 is output bythe data unit encoder 210.

The example source data unit 504 is encoded with data symbols 534representing a portion 535 of the watermark 508 and a position datasymbol 536 representing a position of the portion 535 within thewatermark 508, to generate the encoded data unit 512. When the datasymbols 534, 536 of the encoded data unit 512 are shown in parentheses,the encoded data unit 512 is encoded as“Sam(U+2006)(U+2004)Nunn(U+2006)(U+2004)Atl(U+2000)Fed(U+2006)(U+2006)(U+2006)Ctr(U+2000)Fd(U+2006)(U+2004)Ct.” Thesource data unit 506 is encoded with data symbols 538 representing aportion 537 of the watermark 508, and a position data symbol 540representing a position of the portion 537 within the watermark 508, togenerate the encoded data unit 514. When the data symbols 538, 540 ofthe encoded data unit 514 are shown in parentheses, the encoded dataunit 514 is encoded as“Mse(U+2006)(U+2004)Branded(U+2000)Foods(U+2006)(U+2006)(U+2006)Of(U+2004)(U+2006)Sc (U+2000)Air(U+2000)Ca.”

Each of the example Unicode characters U+2000, U+2004, and U+2006 usedin this example are converted to normal spaces when copied intonon-Unicode editor. These characters also show as ordinary spacecharacters in some Unicode-aware editors. As a result, the examplecharacter combinations are not easily discovered. However, use of theexample characters U+2000, U+2004, and U+2006 may result in thewatermark being eliminated from the data if the encoded data 510-514 iscopied into certain word processing or text editing applications.

In other example methods, the data character selector 204 selectssymbols that are combinations of other Unicode space characters havingdifferent widths, such as U+200A ( 1/18 em), U+2009 (⅙ em), U+202F (⅕em), U+2008 (⅕ em) and U+205F ( 4/18 em), to encode higher data bitrates without visually appearing substantially different than a blankspace. However, when copied to certain non-Unicode editor applications,these characters may show as question marks or other non-white spacecharacters.

The example data character selector 204 may use combinations ofcharacters, including U+200A ( 1/18 em), U+2009 (⅙ em), U+202F (⅕ em),U+2008 (⅕ em), and/or U+205F ( 4/18 em), that sum to approximately thesame widths (e.g., between about ⅓ em to about ½ em) to encode at higherbit rates than the previous examples. For example, the widths of any 2of the four characters U+2006, U+2009, U+202F, and U+2008 will sum to awidth of about ⅓ em. Including combinations including two of the samecharacter, the data character selector 204 may choose between 16combinations (e.g., symbols) of two characters. Thus, in such examples,the data character selector 204 may encode up to four bits ofinformation into one visual space (e.g., a space between words, a spacebetween sentences, etc.).

In some examples, the data character selector 204 selects combinationsincluding the characters U+2006, U+2009, U+202F, and U+2008 as describedabove, and further including a small-width Unicode character U+200A toadd three combinations for each Unicode space above. For example, thecharacter U+2006 may be combined with two U+200A characters to createthe following combinations: (1) U+2006 & U+200A & U+200A, (2) U+200A &U+2006 & U+200A, and (3) U+200A & U+200A & U+2006.

In addition to the combinations in the previous example, the additionalcombinations provide a total of 28 combinations to represent data and/orlocation information in the text. The example data character selector204 may select from the combinations to encode the auxiliary informationin the source text data.

In some other examples, the data character selector 204 selects fromcombinations of white space characters whose widths sum to approximately½ em. Using the ½ em total space, the data character selector 204 mayselect between at least 64 combinations of characters (e.g., 6 or morebits) per white space to represent the example data.

FIG. 6 illustrates example source data 602 encoded with auxiliary data604 using a third example encoding method to generate encoded data 606.In the example of FIG. 6, a 32-bit watermark 604, such as the ASCIIbinary representation of the characters “NLSN,” is to be inserted intothe source data units 602 to form the encoded data unit 606. In contrastto the example encoding methods of FIGS. 4 and/or 5, the exampleencoding method of FIG. 6 uses a set of symbols including combinationsof zero-width Unicode characters (e.g., U+200B, U+FEFF) and/or flowcontrol characters (e.g., U+200E, U+200F, U+202A, U+202D) to representthe watermark 604. Flow control characters are used to control the flowin bi-directional texts, and are not visible in Unicode applications. Inexamples in which left-to-right order is used when exchanging data, thedata character selector 204 may select the left-to-right control symbolsto encode data without being visible. Using the example zero-widthUnicode characters and/or flow control characters, a substantiallyunlimited amount of data may be encoded into each encoded data unitregardless of its size or number of white spaces. However, the exampleauxiliary data encoder 200 may be limited by size considerations of adata file including the encoded data 602.

In the example of FIG. 6, the data character selector 204 selects fromsymbols 608-614, where each symbol 608-614 is represented by arespective Unicode flow control character. An additional symbol 616 isrepresented by a U+202C (POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING) character. Theexample symbol 616 is placed at the end of a sequence of symbols encodedin the encoded data 606 to indicate the end of a sequence of encodedsymbols representing the watermark 604.

In the example of FIG. 6, the data character selector 204 determines asequence 618 of the symbols 608-616 to represent the watermark 604. Theexample data unit encoder 210 inserts the selected sequence 618 at theend of the source data unit 602 to generate the encoded data unit 606.The example data character extractor 304 of FIG. 3 may extract thewatermark 604 from the encoded data unit 606 by mapping the sequence 618of the symbols 608-616 to data bits. When the data character extractor304 reaches the U+202C symbol 616, the data character extractor 304determines that the entire watermark 604 has been extracted from theencoded data 606.

In some other examples, portions of the watermark 604 and correspondingposition data may be encoded into multiple encoded data units. Byencoding portions of the watermark into different encoded data units,the size of the data file including the encoded data units may bereduced while maintaining robustness of the encoded data to datashuffling, reordering, and/or partial deletion.

The example method of FIG. 6 provides a higher bit rate encoding schemethan the example methods of FIGS. 4 and/or 5, and does not impact theability to perform text searches of the encoded data unit 606, becausethe symbols are inserted at end of the text in the encoded data unit606. However, the example method of FIG. 6 may not preserve the encodingif the data is transferred to a non-Unicode file or application.

While example manners of implementing the system 100 of FIG. 1 has beenillustrated in FIGS. 2 and/or 3, one or more of the elements, processesand/or devices illustrated in FIGS. 2 and/or 3 may be combined, divided,re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way.Further, the example database 102, the example data request receiver104, the example auxiliary data manager 110, the example auxiliary dataencryptor 202, the example data character selector 204, the exampleposition character selector 206, the example source data parser 208, theexample data unit encoder 210, the example encoded data parser 302, theexample data character extractor 304, the example position characterextractor 306, the example auxiliary data assembler 308, the exampleauxiliary data encryptor 310 and/or, more generally, the exampleauxiliary data encoder 106, 200 and/or the example auxiliary datadecoder 108, 300 of FIGS. 1-3 may be implemented by hardware, software,firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.Thus, for example, any of the example database 102, the example datarequest receiver 104, the example auxiliary data manager 110, theexample auxiliary data encryptor 202, the example data characterselector 204, the example position character selector 206, the examplesource data parser 208, the example data unit encoder 210, the exampleencoded data parser 302, the example data character extractor 304, theexample position character extractor 306, the example auxiliary dataassembler 308, the example auxiliary data encryptor 310 and/or, moregenerally, the example auxiliary data encoder 106, 200 and/or theexample auxiliary data decoder 108, 300 could be implemented by one ormore circuit(s), programmable processor(s), application specificintegrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s))and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)), etc. When any ofthe apparatus or system claims of this patent are read to cover a purelysoftware and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the exampledatabase 102, the example data request receiver 104, the exampleauxiliary data manager 110, the example auxiliary data encryptor 202,the example data character selector 204, the example position characterselector 206, the example source data parser 208, the example data unitencoder 210, the example encoded data parser 302, the example datacharacter extractor 304, the example position character extractor 306,the example auxiliary data assembler 308, and/or the example auxiliarydata encryptor 310 are hereby expressly defined to include a tangiblecomputer readable storage medium such as a memory, DVD, CD, Blu-ray,etc. storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the examplethe example auxiliary data encoder 106, 200 and/or the example auxiliarydata decoder 108, 300 of FIGS. 1-3 may include one or more elements,processes and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, thoseillustrated in FIGS. 1-3, and/or may include more than one of any or allof the illustrated elements, processes and devices.

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions forimplementing the example auxiliary data encoder 200 of FIG. 2 are shownin FIGS. 7 and 8. A flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions for implementing the example auxiliary data decoder 300 ofFIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 9. In this example, the machine readableinstructions comprise programs for execution by a processor such as theprocessor 1012 shown in the example processor platform 1000 discussedbelow in connection with FIG. 10. The programs may be embodied insoftware stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as aCD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), aBlu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 1012, but theentire programs and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed bya device other than the processor 1012 and/or embodied in firmware ordedicated hardware. Further, although the example programs are describedwith reference to the flowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 7-9, many othermethods of implementing the example auxiliary data encoder 200 and/orthe example auxiliary data decoder 300 may alternatively be used. Forexample, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/orsome of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 7-9 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer readableinstructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium suchas a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), acompact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, arandom-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage media in whichinformation is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods,permanently, brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or forcaching of the information). As used herein, the term tangible computerreadable storage medium is expressly defined to include any type ofcomputer readable storage and to exclude propagating signals.Additionally or alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 7-9 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer readableinstructions) stored on a non-transitory computer readable storagemedium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, acompact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memoryand/or any other storage media in which information is stored for anyduration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, brief instances,for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). Asused herein, the term non-transitory computer readable storage medium isexpressly defined to include any type of computer readable storagemedium and to exclude propagating signals. As used herein, when thephrase “at least” is used as the transition term in a preamble of aclaim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” isopen ended. Thus, a claim using “at least” as the transition term in itspreamble may include elements in addition to those expressly recited inthe claim.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 700 which may be executed to implement the auxiliary dataencoder 200 of FIG. 2 to encode auxiliary data into text data. Theexample instructions 700 may be performed, for example, to embed awatermark, such as an identifier or copyright information, into the textdata prior to providing the text data to another party.

The example source data parser 208 of FIG. 2 obtains source dataincluding text data units (block 702). In some examples, the source dataparser 208 generates the data units from text data. The exampleauxiliary data encryptor 202 obtains auxiliary information to be encodedinto the source data (block 704). The auxiliary data encryptor 202encrypts the auxiliary information (block 706).

The example data character selector 204 of FIG. 2 selects a portion ofthe encrypted data to be encoded (block 708). The data characterselector 204 selects a set of symbols based on the selected portion(block 710). For example, the data character selector 204 may select aset of symbols to encode a higher bit rate or a set of symbols to encodea lower bit rate. The symbols may be represented by combinations of oneor more Unicode white space characters, zero-width characters, and/orflow control characters. The example data character selector 204 mapsthe selected portion of the encrypted data to first symbol(s) in theselected set (block 712). For example, the data character selector 204may determine which of the symbols in the selected set of symbolsrepresents the portion of encrypted data.

The example position character selector 206 of FIG. 2 maps a position ofthe selected portion of the encrypted data to a second symbol in theselected set or in another set of symbols (block 714). For example, theposition character selector 206 may use the same selected set of symbolsused to map the selected portion of encrypted data. The example dataunit encoder 210 generates encoded data by including the first andsecond symbols in the text data unit (block 716). For example, the dataunit encoder 210 may replace the white space characters in the sourcedata with characters and/or combinations of characters that representthe symbols mapped to the portion of encrypted data and to the positiondata.

The example data unit encoder 210 determines whether there areadditional unencoded source data units (block 718). If there areadditional unencoded source data units (block 718), control returns toblock 712 to select another source data unit to be encoded. When thereare no additional data units (block 718), the example data unit encoder210 outputs the encoded data (block 720). The encoded data may, forexample, be transmitted or stored for future transmission.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 800 which may be executed to implement the auxiliary dataencoder 200 of FIG. 2 to encode auxiliary data into text data. Theexample instructions 800 may be performed, for example, to embed awatermark, such as an identifier or copyright information, into the textdata prior to providing the text data to another party.

The example source data parser 208 of FIG. 2 obtains source dataincluding text data units (block 802). In some examples, the source dataparser 208 generates the data units from text data. The example sourcedata parser 208 determines a number of white spaces in the text dataunit (block 804). For example, the source data parser 208 may determinea number of visual white spaces between words in the data unit.

The example data character selector 204 of FIG. 2 determines whether thenumber of spaces is greater than a threshold (block 806). The thresholdmay be based on a number of white spaces in the source data unit neededto achieve a particular encoding bit rate. If the number of white spacesis greater than the threshold (block 806), the example data characterselector 204 selects a first set of symbols (block 808). If the numberof white spaces is less than the threshold (block 806), the datacharacter selector 204 selects a second set of symbols (block 810).

After selecting a set of symbols (block 808, 810), the example datacharacter selector 204 selects auxiliary data to be encoded (block 812).The selected auxiliary data may be all or a portion of the auxiliarydata to be encoded. The data character selector 204 maps the selectedauxiliary data to first symbol(s) in the selected set (block 816). Forexample, the data character selector 204 may determine a sequence ofmultiple symbols (e.g., combinations of Unicode characters) in theselected set that represent the selected auxiliary data or portion ofthe auxiliary data.

The position character selector 206 determines whether the selectedauxiliary data is less than the entire auxiliary data to be encoded(block 818). If the selected auxiliary data is equal to the entireauxiliary data (block 818), the example data unit encoder 210 generatesthe encoded data by including the first symbol(s) in the text data(block 820). For example, the data unit encoder 210 may replace some orall of the white spaces in the data unit with characters and/orcombinations of characters representative of the symbols.

If the selected auxiliary data is a portion of the entire auxiliary data(block 818), the example position character selector 206 maps theposition of the selected portion of the auxiliary data within theauxiliary data to second symbols based on the selected set of symbols(block 822). For example, the position character selector 206 maydetermine an identity of the selected portion of the auxiliary data(e.g., 1 of 4 eight-bit units in a 32-bit auxiliary data code) and mapthe determined identity to one of the symbols. The example data unitencoder 210 generates the encoded data by including the first symbol(s)and the second symbol(s) in the text data (block 824). For example, thedata unit encoder 210 may replace a first set of white spaces in thedata unit with the first symbol(s) and replace a second set of whitespaces in the data unit with the second symbol(s).

After generating the encoded data (block 820 or block 824), the exampleinstructions 800 may end and/or iterate to generate additional encodeddata.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 900 which may be executed to implement the auxiliary datadecoder 300 of FIG. 3 to obtain auxiliary data encoded into text data.The example instructions 900 of FIG. 9 may be performed to, for example,identify copyrighted data and/or to extract information such as awatermark that is encoded into text data.

The example encoded data parser 302 of FIG. 3 obtains text data to betested (block 902). In some examples, the encoded data parser 302generates data units from the obtained data. The example encoded dataparser 302 of FIG. 3 selects a data unit (block 904). In some examples,the encoded data parser 302 determines a number of visual white spacesin the selected data unit.

The data character extractor 304 identifies data symbol(s) present inthe selected data unit (block 906). For example, the data characterextractor 304 may determine combinations of Unicode white spacecharacters, zero-width characters, and/or flow control characters ineach of the example white spaces of the selected data unit. The datacharacter extractor 304 maps the identified data symbols to bits (block908). For example, the data character extractor 304 may determine a setof symbols corresponding to the identified symbols (e.g., a set ofsymbols including each of the identified symbols, a set of symbolsincluding a threshold number or fraction of the identified symbols,etc.) and map the identified symbols to corresponding bits based on theset of symbols.

The example position character extractor 306 determines whether the dataunit includes position data symbol(s) (block 910). For example, theposition character extractor 306 may determine that the data unitincludes position data symbol(s) based on a number of white spaces inthe data unit. If the data unit includes position data symbol(s) (block910), the example position character extractor 306 maps the positiondata symbols to bits (block 912). For example, the position characterextractor 306 may map the position data symbols to an identifier of thebits of the watermark that are represented by the data symbol(s).

The example auxiliary data assembler 308 determines the portion(s) ofthe encoded data represented by the data symbols (block 914). Forexample, if the auxiliary data assembler 308 receives position data fromthe position character extractor 306, the auxiliary data assembler 308determines the portion of the encoded data that is represented by thedata symbols. On the other hand, if there is no position data, theexample auxiliary data assembler 308 may determine that the data symbolsrepresent the entire encoded data.

The auxiliary data assembler 308 determines whether the complete encodeddata is assembled (block 916). For example, the auxiliary data assembler308 may determine whether sufficient data symbols and/or position datahas been received and assembled to recover the entire encoded data. Ifthe encoded data is divided among multiple data units, the exampleauxiliary data assembler 308 may determine whether additional data unitshave to be decoded to obtain any missing portions of the encoded data.If the complete encoded data is not assembled (block 916), controlreturns to block 904 to select another data unit.

When the complete encoded data is assembled (block 916), the exampleauxiliary data decryptor 310 decrypts the encoded data to obtainauxiliary data (block 918). The example auxiliary data decryptor 310outputs the decrypted auxiliary data (block 920). For example, thedecrypted auxiliary data may be used for comparison to auxiliary dataencoded into source data to determine a match and/or to obtaininformation encoded into the data. The example instructions 900 may thenend and/or iterate to obtain another watermark from text data.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1000 capableof executing the instructions of FIGS. 7, 8, and/or 9 to implement theauxiliary data encoder 200 and/or the auxiliary data decoder 300 ofFIGS. 1-3. The processor platform 1000 can be, for example, a server, apersonal computer, an Internet appliance, or any other type of computingdevice.

The processor platform 1000 of the instant example includes a processor1012. For example, the processor 1012 can be implemented by one or moremicroprocessors or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer.

The processor 1012 includes a local memory 1013 (e.g., a cache) and isin communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1014 anda non-volatile memory 1016 via a bus 1018. The volatile memory 1014 maybe implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM),Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory(RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. Thenon-volatile memory 1016 may be implemented by flash memory and/or anyother desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1014,1016 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 1000 also includes an interface circuit 1020. Theinterface circuit 1020 may be implemented by any type of interfacestandard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB),and/or a PCI express interface.

One or more input devices 1022 are connected to the interface circuit1020. The input device(s) 1022 permit a user to enter data and commandsinto the processor 1012. The input device(s) can be implemented by, forexample, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, a voice recognition system,and/or any other method of input or input device.

One or more output devices 1024 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 1020. The output devices 1024 can be implemented, for example,by display devices (e.g., a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tubedisplay (CRT), a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit 1020,thus, typically includes a graphics driver card.

The interface circuit 1020 also includes a communication device such asa modem or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data withexternal computers via a network 1026 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, adigital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, acellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 1000 also includes one or more mass storagedevices 1028 for storing software and data. Examples of such massstorage devices 1028 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks,compact disk drives and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. The massstorage device 1028 may implement the database 102 of FIG. 1.

The coded instructions 1032 of FIGS. 7 and/or 8 may be stored in themass storage device 1028, in the volatile memory 1014, in thenon-volatile memory 1016, and/or on a removable storage medium such as aCD or DVD.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacturehave been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is notlimited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods,apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope ofthe claims of this patent.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to obtain auxiliary data from text data,comprising: detecting, using a processor, a first symbol present infirst text data, the first symbol including a white space character;mapping the first symbol to first data using the processor; detecting,using the processor, a second symbol present in the first text data bydetecting a white space character or a flow control character; mapping,using the processor, the second symbol to a first bit position of thefirst data in encoded data; and determining the encoded data, using theprocessor, based on placing the first data in the first bit position. 2.A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the detecting of the firstsymbol includes detecting at least one of a combination of multipleUnicode non-zero width white space characters or a combination ofUnicode characters including a non-zero width white space character anda zero-width white space character.
 3. A method as defined in claim 1,further including: detecting a third symbol and a fourth symbol presentin second text data; mapping the third symbol to second data; mappingthe fourth symbol to a second bit position of the second data in theencoded data, wherein the second bit position is different than thefirst bit position; and determining the encoded data based further onplacing the second data in the second bit position.
 4. A method asdefined in claim 3, further including determining whether the encodeddata has been completely assembled, the determining of the encoded databeing based on the encoded data having been completely assembled.
 5. Amethod as defined in claim 3, further including determining whether theencoded data has been completely assembled, the detecting of the thirdsymbol and the fourth symbol, the mapping of the third symbol, and themapping of the fourth symbol occurring in response to determining thatthe encoded data has not been completely assembled.
 6. A method asdefined in claim 1, wherein the first and second symbols represent asimilar width, the width being defined based on a width presented whenthe first and second symbols are decoded and displayed by a processingdevice.
 7. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the detecting of thefirst symbol includes detecting a combination of Unicode charactersincluding the flow control character.
 8. An apparatus to obtainauxiliary data from text data, comprising: a data character extractor todetect a first symbol, the first symbol including a white spacecharacter, present in first text data and to map the first symbol tofirst data; a position character extractor to detect a second symbolpresent in the first text data, the second symbol including a whitespace character or a flow control character, and to map the secondsymbol to a first bit position of the first data in encoded data; and anauxiliary data assembler to determine the encoded data based on placingthe first data in the first bit position.
 9. An apparatus as defined inclaim 8, wherein the first symbol is at least one of a combination ofmultiple Unicode non-zero width white space characters, a combination ofUnicode characters including a non-zero width white space character anda zero-width white space character, or a combination of Unicodecharacters including a flow control character.
 10. An apparatus asdefined in claim 8, wherein the data character extractor is to detect athird symbol present in second text data and map the third symbol tosecond data, the position character extractor is to detect a fourthsymbol present in second text data and map the fourth symbol to a secondbit position of the second data in the encoded data, and the auxiliarydata assembler is to determine the encoded data based further on placingthe second data in the second bit position.
 11. An apparatus as definedin claim 10, wherein the auxiliary data assembler is to determinewhether the encoded data has been completely assembled, the auxiliarydata assembler to determine the encoded data when the encoded data hasbeen completely assembled.
 12. An apparatus as defined in claim 8,further including an encoded data parser to determine a number of whitespaces in the first text data, the data character extractor to map thefirst symbol based on the number of white spaces and the positioncharacter extractor to map the second symbol based on the number ofwhite spaces.
 13. An apparatus as defined in claim 8, further includingan auxiliary data decryptor to decrypt the encoded data to obtainplaintext auxiliary data.
 14. An apparatus as defined in claim 8,wherein the position character extractor is to determine the first bitposition of the first data in the encoded data to be N leftmost bits inthe encoded data, N rightmost bits in the encoded data, alternating bitsin the encoded data, N inside bits in the encoded data, or N outsidebits in the encoded data.
 15. A computer readable storage mediumincluding computer readable instructions which, when executed, cause aprocessor to at least: detect a first symbol present in first text data,the first symbol including a white space character; map the first symbolto first data; detect a second symbol present in the first text data bydetecting a white space character or a flow control character; map thesecond symbol to a first bit position of the first data in encoded data;and determine the encoded data based on placing the first data in thefirst bit position.
 16. A storage medium as defined in claim 15, whereinthe instructions are to cause the processor to detect the first symbolby detecting a combination of multiple Unicode non-zero width whitespace characters or a combination of Unicode characters including anon-zero width white space character and a zero-width white spacecharacter.
 17. A storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein theinstructions are further to cause the processor to: detect a thirdsymbol and a fourth symbol present in second text data; map the thirdsymbol to second data; map the fourth symbol to a second bit position ofthe second data in the encoded data, wherein the second bit position isdifferent than the first bit position; and determine the encoded databased further on placing the second data in the second bit position. 18.A storage medium as defined in claim 17, wherein the instructions arefurther to cause the processor to determine whether the encoded data hasbeen completely assembled, the instructions to cause the processor todetect the third symbol and the fourth symbol, map the third symbol, andmap the fourth symbol in response to determining that the encoded datahas not been completely assembled.
 19. A storage medium as defined inclaim 15, wherein the first and second symbols represent a similarwidth, the width being defined based on a width presented when the firstand second symbols are decoded and displayed by a processing device. 20.A storage medium as defined in claim 15, wherein the instructions are tocause the processor to detect the first symbol by detecting acombination of Unicode characters including the flow control character.